Loadshedding Survival Guide

December 14, 2009

Save Electricity Save Money Essay

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Save Electricity Save Money Essay

Satellitetvseeker.info Exclusive Reports: Part III: Satellite Tv for Pc: Disruptive Technology

(Continued from: Satellite TV Seeker Exclusive Reports: Part II: Satellite TV for PC: Buying Satellite TV for PC.)

In this Part of the Series, we are going to examine Disruptive Technology, like it or not. Why? Because someday these technical questions (spelled "crucial lifestyle decisions") will come up on a really important essay test, and you will flunk if you don't get the answers exactly right!

Ignore this crucial lesson in modern technology at your certain economic peril!

A few general definitions, courtesy thefreedictionary.com, are in order:

What is a Satellite? "(Aerospace) An object launched to orbit Earth or another celestial body." More specifically, the type of Satellite we are referencing here, could be appropriately called a Dedicated Earth Entertainment Satellite (DEES).

What is a TV? 1. (Television) "(Noun) broadcasting visual images of stationary or moving objects; 'she is a star of screen and video'; 'Television is a medium because it is neither rare nor well done' - Ernie Kovacs, 2. (Noun) a receiver that displays television images; the British call a TV Set, a Telly."

What is a PC? (Person Computer) "(Noun) a small digital computer based on a microprocessor and designed to be used by one person at a time."

The basis for the following brief analysis of Satellite TV for PC, and Disruptive Technology then, derives from our understanding of:

• The above three general definitions, and
• Three additional concise definitions, I will offer next, and
• Empirical details regarding Satellite TV for PC, A.K.A. PCTV, which I obtained from testing both a Software Solution called Satellite TV for PC Elite Edition 2006 and a Noware (not Software, not Hardware) Solution, called FreeSkyTV.

(See Satellite TV Seeker Exclusive Reports: Part IV: Satellite TV for PC: Product Reviews.)

Hey! This stuff will be on that essay test I mentioned, so pay attention!

What is Disruptive Technology (DT)? A concise definition in three parts:

(Courtesy: http://searchcio.techtarget.com/search)

"Disruptive technology is a term coined by Harvard Business School professor Clayton M. Christensen to describe a new technology that unexpectedly displaces an established technology. In his 1997 best-selling book, "The Innovator's Dilemma," Christensen separates new technology into two categories: sustaining and disruptive.

Sustaining technology relies on incremental improvements to an already established technology. Disruptive technology lacks refinement, often has performance problems because it is new, appeals to a limited audience, and may not yet have a proven practical application. (Such was the case with Alexander Graham Bell's "electrical speech machine," which we now call the telephone.)
In his book, Christensen points out that, large corporations are designed to work with sustaining technologies. They excel at knowing their market, staying close to their customers, and having a mechanism in place to develop existing technology. Conversely, they have trouble capitalizing on the potential efficiencies, cost-savings, or new marketing opportunities created by low-margin disruptive technologies. Using real-world examples to illustrate his point, Christensen demonstrates how it is not unusual for a big corporation to dismiss the value of a disruptive technology because it does not reinforce current company goals, only to be blindsided as the technology matures, gains a larger audience and market-share, and threatens the status quo."

[Bold Italics added for emphasis.]

Is Satellite TV for PC Disruptive Technology?

For the sake of our discussion, let's assume it is not for the moment. Judging PCTV only by the first set of criteria in the above concise definition: "... a new technology that unexpectedly displaces an established technology..." it could be argued that there is nothing really new about this technology: Satellite TV for PC is merely a recombining of existing technologies: Satellite TV, The Personal Computer, and The Internet.
Take my word: Nothing currently is, or will actually be displaced by this technology: Not Satellite Technology, TV Technology, not The Personal Computer, and definitely not The Internet.

On the flip side of the discussion, judging PCTV by the second set of criteria in our concise definition, this technology: 1. Lacks refinement, 2. Has performance problems, 3. Appeals to a limited audience, 4. Lacks a proven practical application.
The characteristics above are certainly all true of PCTV. At least, they are true today: 08/15/06. (I'll be returning to this point in Part IV of the Series.)

But before we go further, let's examine the unexpected part of the above concise definition, required for DT to exist, by taking a quick overview of this scenario from the Corporate Perspective: What of Bill, Rupert and Charlie?

"... Christensen demonstrates how it is not unusual for a big corporation to dismiss the value of a disruptive technology because it does not reinforce current company goals, only to be blindsided as the technology matures, gains a larger audience and market-share, and threatens the status quo."

And what might be the ultimate implications for the above big-three players, (MSN, DirecTV and DISH Network) Celebrities in the Pay-for-TV-In-Crowd, for being too big to be anything but blind: A certain death-nell.

Q: Why would anyone (a typical Consumer for example) who could get all the entertainment, news, weather and sports, they could possibly ever desire, ever voluntarily pay for the same thing they could get Off-The-Air (OTA) or Online, free for nothing?

A1: The Typical American Consumer Profile (As perceived by the Mega Corporation):
Ignorance: Perhaps they, the great unwashed, have simply never heard of PCTV.
Stubborn-ness: Perhaps they can't, or won't buy a PC, en masse.
Laziness: Perhaps they just can't be bothered to investigate their options.

A2: The Typical American Corporate Profile (As perceived by the Common Man):
Control: Because of their behemoth size and capital resources, they, (MSN, DirecTV, and DISH Network) individually or as allies, could easily swallow this infant Disruptive Technology in a single, merging mouth-full.
Complacence: Perhaps due to their unrivalled position in the World Marketplace, they couldn't care less.
Greed: Or they could simply find out what makes the new, contentious PCTV technology go, and copy it! (Much more likely, and a whole lot cheaper.)
(I'll also return to this point in Part IV of the Series.)

Hey! Wake up! Are you still with us? I'm just getting to the good part!

In any case, it's doubtful if any of the big three are totally unaware of this 'new' PCTV technology. This being the case, it's also highly unlikely that the bigs will knowingly, benignly let loose of the gigantic empires, (or any critical fraction thereof) they have spent most of their adult lives building!

So, the final criterion, by the third concise definition, and most decisive of all considerations in this analysis, may have everything to do with industry leaders, and the status remaining quo.

Notwithstanding the above, for a technology to be truly disruptive, it must eventually overtake and supplant the existing technology utterly, or very nearly do so.

Let's take the following example.

A very brief history of TV

TV is an invention of the mid-20th Century. Although many vital technological elements arrived to set the scene, some time earlier, TV as we know it, began officially in England, one day in 1936.
Television (a Disruptive Technology) hit the American Scene in the late 1940's, with such a tremendous impact that it nearly killed Wireless Radio, the reigning king.

Historical Bench Mark: At this point, there were no Satellites, and no Computers, and even the concept of the Internet as we know it, didn't surface until the late 60s!

The cool bit about this new American TV technology in the 1950s was, that apart from the original cost of Equipment: The TV Set, The Rabbit Ears or The Roof Antenna, and of course The Electricity The TV consumed; the programming, such as it was then, was 'free': i.e., no per hour, or per month charge.
For many who actually still listen to American AM and FM Radio and get their TV exclusively OTA, the free nature of this ability to access these services, without apparent cost, is akin to a Constitutional Right!

Cable TV
The next technological wave nearly swept the previous (free, if Antenna-dependent) TV technology away completely.
Cable TV, (a Disruptive Technology) the first Pay or Subscription TV Service, actually got its start in America in the late 40s. With its tens and eventually hundreds of relatively high-quality programs, and programming variety, it practically put an end to The Free OTA TV World, at least so far as the American Consumer was concerned.

Historical Bench Mark: At this time (late 50s) there were probably many Military Satellites capable of receiving and transmitting radio signals, but no operational Commercial Satellites, (DEES) and no Personal Computers, as we know them. The PC didn't arrive until the 80s!

Satellite TV
Although Satellite TV (a Disruptive Technology) lagged behind Cable TV by a nearly decade, it rapidly closed the gap as a viable way for the typical American Consumer to get first-class quality, variety TV, wherever they lived.
Again, this new technology seriously challenged the existent entertainment king, Cable TV. (Very many small CATV businesses went out of business as a direct result of the advent of Satellite TV.)

Historical Bench Mark: By the early 60s (TelStar 1962) we were using Commercial Satellites to broadcast all sorts of Radio and TV signals, which could be gathered and decoded by receivers located at almost every point in the Continental USA.

And that, so far as Disruptive Technology in the TV industry is concerned, brings us to the court of the current and reigning entertainment king: Satellite TV. (Cable TV relies on the Satellite signals it packages and redistributes to Consumers via coaxial and/or optical fiber cable.)

Convergent Technology (CT)

Though this precise term is not in any of my Dictionaries or my Wikipedia today, considering the circumstances surrounding the above succession of Disruptive Technologies (Radio, TV, Cable TV, and Satellite TV) as exemplars for "displacement," I believe Convergent Technology better describes what PCTV actually is, and what it is also in store for us in the future.

So, let's assume that The TV and The PC have at last merged into one device which has multiple, powerful capabilities, many of which are now generally under-utilized!

Let's further assume that the previous technologies: Satellite and Internet, are not swept away by the new technology (they won't be) but that the foursome, all get married and begin living happily together as CT partners for all the millennia: Will this then be the one, and true Satellite TV for PC, and the new, soon-to-be crowned, king of entertainment?

It's too early for me to call!

Why it matters at all

In a very real way, this issue of DT or CT, is essentially a battle for your wallet. Whether Satellite TV for PC turns out to be Disruptive Technology, or Convergent Technology, may not seem to be an important issue to you perhaps, right now.
But it can mean thousands of dollars, either saved or spent, in acquiring the programming that, you as a Typical American Consumer, will no doubt want to partake of, in the course of your TV-Watching Career.

So, this will be the subject of the essay test I mentioned earlier. Since lots of your money could potentially be riding on your answer, best take the mock exam right now!

Q: If you were offered the choice right now, would you prefer to: 1. Pay less than $50, one time for access to all the entertainment, news, weather and sports, you could possibly ever desire? Or, would you rather: 2. Continue to pay $50, or more monthly, to your Cable TV Provider or your Satellite TV Provider, for the rest of your TV-Watching Career?

You will have all the time you want to formulate your answer. (You can even change your mind later!)

So, might it be Satellite TV for PC for you today? Then you must read the final Installments in the Series: Satellite TV Seeker Exclusive Reports: Part IV: Satellite TV for PC: Product Reviews.

Missed the previous episode(s) Part I, or II? Visit: satellitetvseeker.info
Click: Article Page.

Best Regards,

Craig Guest
CEO, Satellite TV Seeker
stsinfo@satellitetvseeker.info

Fair Use Policy: This Article may be reprinted or otherwise reproduced in total, provided that the following resource is cited:
(See Resource Box.)

About the Author

Web Site: http://www.satellitetvseeker.info
Email: stsinfo@satellitetvseeker.info

Hi, Craig Guest here. The Satellite TV Business has been my occu-passion for the last six years. Looking back, it's been an extraordinary journey. My favorite quote: "It is good to have an end to journey toward, but it is the journey that matters in the end." - Ursula K. LeGuin

Craig started as a Satellite TV installer and serviceman, and soon got involved in selling for both DISH Network and DirecTV. When Satellite Internet arrived on the scene in 2001, Craig took the plunge and got certified for StarBand, Pegasus Express and DirecWay as an installer and serviceman. High Speed Satellite Internet sales soon followed, and today his watchwords are: Anything Satellite.

Web Site: http://www.satellitetvseeker.info
Contact: stsinfo@satellitetvseeker.info

How Sam Harris Demonize Islam? Used Anglo Quran in Argument




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August 22, 2009

Save Electricity Cartoons

Save Electricity Cartoons

How to make an educational video for kids?

Hello everyone,

Please help me with this task: to make up a 1-2 minutes video (can be both a movie or a cartoon), aimed at teaching children (7 - 9 years old) how important is saving energy. Actually the company wants promotion.. They design and produce metering equipment, and want the video to tell about electricity meters as well.. so the idea is to connect the importance of precise measuring with energy saving, but make it fun and easy to understand for kids. And as little boring lecturing as possible.. The company has their own symbol, a guy looking very much like Pinocchio, they want to have it in the video as well. I have absolutely no experience in scriptwriting or filming, band to my shame have very few ideas by now..

If you have any ideas on a plot, or maybe you know what to avoid when making a movie for kids, please share it.. Thank s a lot!

LOL - if you have little scriptwriting or filming experience, I'd say to ask for a collaborator (someone in marketing/art). My best advice would be to find someone who could write a song (think School House Rock)/ The Santa Clara Valley Water District, where I live, puts out water conservation/water cycle/water treatment educational cartoons for kids and loans them out to local schools, so you might want to research what's already out there.

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June 29, 2009

How To Save Electricity Essay

How To Save Electricity Essay

how does using less electricity help the economy?

i writing an essay about how can we help the economy . somebody said saving electricity help the economy but i dont understand how.+anyone know other ways 4 me to help the economy.

It doesn't if you're employing it productively. Energy is a significant component of almost all production. If by using less, you produce less, you are not helping at all. Of course if you are using less that would otherwise have no productivity, it has no effect.



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June 19, 2009

Save Electricity Paintings

Filed under: Electricity Saving Tips — Tags: , , , , — admin @ 2:17 am

Save Electricity Paintings

Going Green without Going Broke when Painting your House

Here's good news for small businesses that care about the environment but are afraid that going green will break the bank.

Take a close look at the steps you can take that can help put your business on the path to greener practices.

1. Know Your Carbon Footprint
Step one begins with understanding your company's impact on the environment. Carbonfund.org offers a free evaluation of your carbon footprint based upon factors like the number of employees, their workday commutes, the size of your facility, and other physical attributes that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions - everything down to the number of computers you use.

Then, Carbonfund.org calculates a donation amount to cover the cost of counteractive efforts. The money is invested in certified third-party offset programs like tree-planting, recycling, and solar and wind energy. Carbonfund.org has registered over 1,000 businesses and 450,000 individuals.

2. Use Eco-Friendly Products
Be conscious of the products you use everyday when doing business. For example, a painting contractor can use paint products that have little or no volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Costing only a few dollars more per gallon, low or no VOC paints are safer for the environment.

3. Pursue Solar Energy Options
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 outlines enhanced tax credits for small businesses with great detail on how to make solar energy pay off for your business. To save electricity and money in your warehouse add skylights to increase natural light. This can be a relatively big investment but you'll see substantial savings on monthly electric bills for a lifetime.

4. Plant Trees to Offset Greenhouse Emissions
In addition to third-party certified offset organizations like Carbonfund.org, planting trees on your business property is an affordable - and attractive - way to offset carbon emissions. Make it a fun company activity and assign each employee their own tree.

5. Become Paperless
This is where most companies cringe because Intranet systems have a reputation of being cost-prohibitive for many small businesses. When a company researches this process they should weigh several factors. Look at cost, ease of use, implementation time and how the system could grow with your business. Ultimately, it will require hiring an expert Intranet firm who can take every paper file and convert it to a digital file.

6.Recycle
Recycling comes in many forms and will be different for each business. For example, if you specialize in residential and commercial painting you can partner with the Solid Waste Authority (SWACO) for recycling removal services. SWACO provides a free 90-gallon recycling container and free desk-side bins for employees as well. To find a similar organization in your area type "small business recycling + your city/region" into the search engine.

7. Reduce Waste
Ultimately, the concept of reducing waste becomes a way of thinking. Going paperless is a good way to reduce waste.

8. Insulate Your Facility
Your business can receive a modest tax credit for installing insulation or replacing old windows with new energy efficient windows. This can drastically decreased heating and cooling costs.

9.Use Energy-Efficient Vehicles
If your business requires a fleet of vehicles, make sure they have V4 or V6 cylinder engines.

10. Install Bee Boxes
Sensitive to recent reports on the negative effects of Colony Collapse Disorder within the global honey bee population, a team of employees installed and painted bee boxes at their company's home office. The disorder, caused by a combination of disease and shrinking habitats, has scientists concerned over maintaining worldwide pollination rates. Simple bee boxes costing a few hundred dollars attract bees, enabling the critical work of pollinating seeds.

Overall, the investments made by your company to go green will result in reduced costs, increased efficiency and - in some cases - modest federal tax credits, proving the ease with which small businesses can positively impact environmental health.

About the Author

Geoff Sharp is the founder of Sharper Impressions Painting Company. As a professional painting services provider, Sharper Impressions has been providing interior and exterior residential re- painting services for more than 18 years. Get a free analysis by visiting http://www.sharperimpressionspainting.com/atlanta/atlanta-painting.html">www.sharperimpressions.com.

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October 24, 2008

Save Electricity Cartoon Pictures

Filed under: Electricity Saving Tips — Tags: , , , , — admin @ 3:25 am

Save Electricity Cartoon Pictures

A Few Ideas To Successful Decorating Your Childrens Bedrooms

A child’s room is his or her special haven where they read, play games, listen to music, display or hide those prized collections of bugs etc.  When it comes to decorating a child’s room, one has to take utmost care to plan the design and use the right materials.

To start the planning, get some input from your child about his/her likes and dislikes. Does he/she have a favorite hobby or activity he/she likes to do?  This will act as a guiding line for your kids bedroom idea. Planning for the right bedroom décor can help in the long in creating a comfortable environment for your child.

It’s a good idea to think through everything else that will go into the room before you actually begin. Planning and research at the start will probably save you time and money in the long run.

Here are some more things to consider and projects to do

1. Floor

- Starting with the floor, decide what type of floor covering you will use in the room.

- Flooring should be a soft, impact-absorbing material such as carpet or a rug.

- Carpet should be woollen rather than nylon and avoid shaggy versions – they are hard to keep clean and a sure-fire germ breeding ground.

- If you have a hard floor that needs to be covered with rugs, the same rules apply, short-weave, woollen varieties are best. Always use an anti-slip underlay.

- Experiment with bright colours and patterns

2. Wall Decor and Color

-  The color paint and theme what you will use is very important for children bedroom design. By choosing the right color and theme for your little one’s room you can be sure that they will have both a fun room to play in and a restful space to relax and sleep in.
 
- You can hang picture frames on the wall. It may be made with your child’s favorite characters filling up the whole frame or anything that fits to the design of the wall. Make sure the colors contrast the wall so that they stand out. The pictures can be taken from magazines or old calendars with appropriate pictures of beautiful images that would suit the room’s theme. You can put glow in the dark stickers on the ceiling or on the wall. This can enhance the beauty of the room even when the lights are shut off.

3. Lighting

A child’s room should include both a functional light for homework and reading, and soothing light for less stressful times.

Safety cannot be overemphasized where lighting is concerned. Although many table lamps are attractively designed for use in children’s rooms, these should always be carefully positioned, out of reach of the young child, and trailing cables should be avoided.

Good overhead or wall lighting is what is needed, but care should be taken to ensure that the resting child is not blinded by the glare from an unshielded bulb. A glowing night light kept on till morning offers much reassurance to a young child when nightmares loom. Although few electric sockets may be required for the very young baby, remember to install sufficient for future needs as he/she grows up. These can be blanked off until required.

4. Window coverings

- For young children, you should make sure that a bed, chair or dresser does not provide a stepping-stone to the window. Fit window locks, or safety catches, to the window, to be sure.

- Be aware of blind and curtain cords. These can be a safety hazard to toddlers. When you choose your blinds you should double check that the cord or chain lengths are short enough so your child can’t reach them and that you can clip the cord or chain down for further protection.

- Curtains and blinds are another element that can be interchanged over time as children get older. Choose bright colours or cartoon prints for young children. They might like to choose their own as they get older.

5. Bedding

The bedding includes the comforter, sheets, pillowcases, throw pillows, and blankets. The bed is the focal point of the room. The eyes naturally go the bed when entering the room. The bed should set the mood for the entire room.

6. Furniture

- Table & Chair Set:  Give your kids a place to spread out and engage in fun art activities with a table and chair set.  You can find these sets in different colors and themes.  The set comes with one table and two chairs.  It’s a fun way to add color to your kid’s bedroom. You can find these sets in different colors and themes.  The set comes with one table and two chairs.

- Dresser: There are many dressers to choose from.  Some come with 4 or 6 spacious drawers, detailed knobs, and in varying heights and widths.  The area on top of the dresser is great for displaying small items, such as pictures and other necessities.

- Play House:  A fabulous way to bring excitement into your kid’s bedroom is by having a play house.  You can find play houses in different styles, colors, and finishes. You can find play houses in different styles, colors, and finishes.

-Storage. Storage is an important factor when considering your kids bedroom decorating ideas. Depending on your child’s age, they might have loads of toys, DVD’s, books or computer games. Try to include loads of storage into your room design.

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March 23, 2008

Save Electricity Save Money Pictures

Filed under: Electricity Saving Tips — Tags: , , , , — admin @ 4:59 pm

Save Electricity Save Money Pictures

I hate my grandfather!?

He steals money from my parents. Does stuff we tell him not to. And it's not like 3 days later. We walk into his room and tell him 3 times. When we leave he gets up and does it. He goes into my room and looks through my parents draws. My whole family hate him. We can't send him with another relitive because they won't take him. Last month he spent 1,000 dollars in scratch tickets. Of my parents money. And lies about it! He acts like nothing is wrong. And fakes he can't remember. He yells at me for turning off his tv when he goes for a 3 hour walk to save electricity. God i'm ready to kick him out on the streets! Uh! MY life would be picture perfect with out him!!!!!!!!!!!
He lives with me and my parents. And again he can't live on his own or a nursing home ( he's broke)
We can't put him in a nursing home. He doesn't have the money
He lives with me and my parents. And again he can't live on his own or a nursing home ( he's broke)

Since he has no money and you can't send him to another family member there is 3 things you can do.

1. Talk to him.

2.If you have a close relationship with a family member they'll probably let you live when them.

3.Just completely ignore him, don't even look at him.

... Maybe he NEEDS to be thrown out on the street.. ?

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January 10, 2008

Save Electricity Essay

Save Electricity Essay

Tariffs And Energy Management

TARIFFS AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT

1a) Discuss briefly the factors governing tariff structures.

The tariff structure of energy is governed by the factors:

Demand

The demand level of energy will determine the tariff structure of energy, when the demand is high the tariff is likely to be low and when the demand is low the tariff is likely to be high.

Rate

The rate charge of unit consumption of energy will also determine the structure of energy tariffs; the rate is the unit charge of one unit of energy consumed.

Distribution voltage

The distribution voltage will also determine the structure of energy tariff when the distribution voltage is high then the tariff is likely to be high.

User application:

The other factor that determines the structure ids the user application, this is whether the consumption is for domestic application or for industrial or commercial purposes.

Accounting methods

The other determining factor is the accounting method used in determining the consumption level of electricity, the most used application of determining the consumption level is the use of electric meters that determine the watt consumption level over a period of time.

Social and economic factors:

The structure of energy tariff will also be determined through considering the social and economic factors in a region, the adoption of a certain structure will take into consideration other factors of a region.

1b) Describe a typical tariff for:-

i) domestic consumers

The domestic consumer will pay for the number of units consumed per month, these charges may include a monthly standing charge, for example the rate will be charged per KWH, for example a domestic consumer may be required to pay a twenty dollar standing charge and in addition to this pay 40 cents per KWH. The tariff will also change in terms of peak and off peak consumption, peak units will be charged higher than off peak.

ii) industrial consumers

An industrial consumer will still pay a standing monthly charge if applicable, he will also be required to pay for the number of units consumed per month, for industrial consumption of energy the consumer will pay less due to bulk consumption than the domestic consumer, peak charges will be higher than the off peak charges and summer tariffs will also be different from the winter charges where winter charges will be higher than the summer tariffs.

2) A factory with a foundry and a machine shop has a maximum demand of 750 kW and a load factor of 0.2. The tariff is 20 Pound/kW of maximum demand + 4 Pence/kWh of energy consumed.

a) Calculate the annual cost of electricity.

Load factor = (KWH/ total KWH) X 100

0.2 = (750/ Y)

Y= 3750

Total consumption = 3750

Cost = 3750 X .04 = 150

Cost for maximum demand 750 X 20 = 15000

Total cost = 15000 +150 = 15150 pounds

b) Discuss briefly one way in which the energy cost of the factory may be reduced without reducing the number of kWh consumed.

Because most of tariffs are charged higher during peak hours then the firm may reduce the cost of energy by utilising the off peak hours when the tariffs are lower. Lower energy costs can also be achieved by reducing the load factor of the firm, if the firm achieves a lower load factors then the cost of energy will be lower which can be achieved without reducing the number of KWH consumed.

3a) State one method of raising the overall power factor of an industrial load.

Use of an power corrector either passive or active (PFC)

3b) Discuss briefly the advantages and disadvantages of applying power factor correction at:

i) the main bus bars

Advantage:

It is a useful method in power factor correction

The use of a filter can reduce the harmonic current

Disadvantage:

The rectifier used in this case is non linear and therefore there is energy at the harmonics of the frequency of the input current.

The above problem also posses a problem to the energy providing company as they cannot rectify this problem, whereby they cannot use capacitors to rectify the harmonic current

ii) individual loads

Advantages:

It is a useful method inpower factor correction

It is easy to adjust the correction level because the correction acts as a variable capacitor

Disadvantages:

It is not cost effective as it requires the installation on each load or machine

4) A factory has maximum demand of 400 kW at a lagging power factor such that 600 kVAr of re-active power has to be supplied.

The tariff in operation includes a maximum demand charge of 12 Pound/kVA.

Consider the effect of adding capacitor banks to the system in SIX stages, each drawing 100 kVAr leading. The capital charges on each 100 kVAr bank are 400 Pound per annum.

a) Calculate the net saving and overall power factor at each stage.

Power factor = real power (p) watts/ apparent power (s) volt amperes

S2 =P2 + Q2

Where Q is the reactive power measured in VAR

 

initial

stage 1

stage 2

stage 3

stage 4

stage 5

stage 6

reactive power Q

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Q2 ( Q X Q)

360000

250000

160000

90000

40000

10000

0

P

400000

400000

400000

400000

400000

400000

400000

P2

160,000,000,000

160,000,000,000

160,000,000,000

160,000,000,000

160,000,000,000

160,000,000,000

160,000,000,000

S2

160,000,360,000

160,000,250,000

160,000,160,000

160,000,090,000

160,000,040,000

160,000,010,000

160,000,000,000

S

400000.45

400000.3125

400000.2

400000.1125

400000.05

400000.0125

400000

power factor

0.999998875

0.999999219

0.9999995

0.999999719

0.999999875

0.999999969

1

power save

0

0.137499869

0.249999797

0.337499763

0.39999975

0.437499747

0.449999747

savings

0

1.649998427

2.999997562

4.049997153

4.799997

5.249996965

5.399996962

per year savings

0

593.9994338

1079.999122

1457.998975

1727.99892

1889.998907

1943.998906

b) Plot a graph of net saving (vertically) against overall power factor (horizontally)

c) Explain what your results and graph show.

From the above graph it is clear that as we increase the number of bank capacitors the reaction energy is reduced until it is zero, the firm makes a save on their cost of energy as shown above.

5) Energy-efficient lamps are miniature fluorescent lamp designed to replace ordinary GLS lamps.

a) Discuss briefly the advantages and disadvantages of energy-efficient lamps compared with other sources of illumination.

Advantages of miniature fluorescent

They consume less energy than GLS lamps

Longer life span

Disadvantages of miniature fluorescent

Costly to install and maintain

Cannot be used at low voltages

Do not lender desired colour

Advantages of GLS lamps

Cheap to install and maintain

They lender good colour

Simple to operate

Disadvantages of GLS lamps

Consume more energy

Short life span

b) Obtain manufacture's data and compare the total cost of using an energy-efficient lamp with that of an ordinary GLS lamp, assuming illumination is provided for 8000 hours.

 

GLS cost in pounds

Florescent cost in pounds

initial cost

2.8

9.3

power consumption watt

100

7

voltage

240

240

per hour

0.41666667

0.029166667

constant 10

4.16666667

0.291666667

8000 hours

33333.3333

2333.333333

total cost

33336.1333

2342.633333

References:

Electricity bulbs (2007) advantages and disadvantages of GLS and florescent, retrieved on 13th October

The E Shops(2007)bulb prices, retrieved on 13th October

Lewis Evans (2006) Alternating Currents, Victoria University Press, New Zealand

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